OCUPAÇÃO OU APARTHEID? uma ressignificação interpretativa necessária para o caso palestino/israelense
DOI :
https://doi.org/10.18817/ot.v19i34.986Mots-clés :
Direito Internacional dos Direitos Humanos, Israel, Discriminação racialRésumé
A cada ano, tem crescido o número de acadêmicos e organizações que, acusam o Estado israelense de cometer do crime contra a humanidade de apartheid. Renomadas organizações locais e internacionais já aderiram a essa tese, assim como acadêmicos e relatores especiais designados pelo Conselho de Direitos Humanos da ONU. O objetivo aqui é fazer um levantamento comparativo e crítico dos argumentos utilizados em defesa do uso da tipificação de apartheid para definir a situação na Palestina/Israel. Para tal, passamos em revista a relatoria produzida nas últimas décadas por distintas organizações e eminentes acadêmicos, constatando que, nas justificativas dadas se enfatiza que, para além de se tratar de fato jurídico, recorrer ao conceito de apartheid provoca uma mudança de perspectiva e um aprofundamento teórico, que permite integrar as violações praticadas por Israel em diferentes tempos e espaços.
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Références
a) Documentos
Artigo ou matéria de jornal em meio eletrônico
WEISS, Philip. Two former Israeli ambassadors to South Africa join tsunami of ‘apartheid’ accusations against Israel. Mondoweiss, 8 June 2021. Disponível em: https://mondoweiss.net/2021/06/two-former-israeli-ambassadors-to-south-africa-join-tsunami-of-apartheid-accusations-against-israel/?utm_source=mailpoet&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=daily-email-mailpoet. Acesso em: 21 jun. 2021.
WINSTANLEY, Asa. Os palestinos já chamavam Israel de estado de apartheid décadas atrás”. MEMO, 28 abr. 2021. Disponível em: https://www.monitordooriente.com/20210428-os-palestinos-ja-chamavam-israel-de-estado-de-apartheid-decadas-atras/?fbclid=IwAR1M525cOAUJPpyh5OqG8bLXHR7mMQap08DoIybXb-6UKKz5r66rF6GSDzk. Acesso em: 21 jun. 2021.
b) Relatórios
AL-HAQ et al. Joint Parallel Report to the United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination on Israel’s Seventeenth to Nineteenth Periodic Reports. Al-Haq website, 10 nov. 2019. Disponível em: https://www.alhaq.org/cached_uploads/download/2019/11/12/joint-parallel-report-to-cerd-on-israel-s-17th-19th-periodic-reports-10-november-2019-final-1573563352.pdf. Acesso em: 18 jul. 2021.
AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL. Israel’s Apartheid Against Palestinians. Cruel System of
Domination and Crime Against Humanity. AI website, 1 Feb. 2022. Disponível em: https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2022/02/israels-apartheid-against-palestinians-a-cruel-system-of-domination-and-a-crime-against-humanity/. Acesso em: 3 fev. 2022.
B’TSELEM. A Jewish Supremacy Regime From the River Jordan to the Mediterranean Sea: This Is Apartheid. B’Tselem website, 12 jan. 2021. Disponível em: https://www.btselem.org/publications/fulltext/202101_this_is_apartheid. Acesso em: 18 jul. 2021.
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UNITED NATIONS. General Assembly. Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Palestinian territories occupied since 1967, Richard Falk. UN website, 30 Aug. 2010. Disponível em: https://www.un.org/unispal/document/auto-insert-176403/#. Acesso em: 18 jul. 2021.
UNITED NATIONS. General Assembly. Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Palestinian territories occupied since 1967, Richard Falk. UN website, 10 Jan. 2011. Disponível em: https://www.un.org/unispal/document/auto-insert-176701/. Acesso em: 18 jul. 2021.
UNITED NATIONS. Human Rights Council. Report of the Special Rapporteur on the Situation of Human Rights in the Palestinian Territories Occupied since 1967, John Dugard. UN website, 29 Jan. 2007. Disponível em: https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G07/105/44/pdf/G0710544.pdf?OpenElement. Acesso em: 18 jul. 2021.
UNITED NATIONS. Human Rights Council. Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Palestinian territories occupied since 1967, Richard Falk. UN website, Jan. 2014. Disponível em: http://blog.unwatch.org/wp-content/uploads/A-HRC-25-67_en-Falkfinalreport_Feb2014.pdf. Acesso em: 18 jul. 2021.
YESH DIN. The Israeli Occupation of the West Bank and the crime of Apartheid: Legal Opinion. Yesh Din web site, 7 July 2020. Disponível em: https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/files.yesh-din.org/Apartheid+2020/Apartheid+ENG.pdf. Acesso em: 18 jul. 2021.
Bibliografia
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